Device and system for monitoring of pulse-related information of a subject

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a wearable device for obtaining signals from a subject for use in the monitoring of pulse-related information of the subject. To enable the use of such a device in the monitoring of pulse-related information of the subject, which provides for unobtrusive, reproducible, easy to use, and simple measurements, the device comprises a device body (20), a PPG signal sensing unit (21) for acquiring a first photoplethysmography, PPG, signal from a first body location of the subject&#39;s body, and an imaging unit (22) for acquiring a sequence of images from a second body location of the subject&#39;s body different from the first body location, said sequence of images being configured for deriving a second PPG signal for the second body location of the subject&#39;s body. Said PPG signal sensing unit and said imaging unit are mounted in or at the device body and are configured to simultaneously acquire the first PPG signal and the sequence of images.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. National Phaseapplication under 35 U.S.C. § 371, Ser. No. 15/241,846, filed on 19 Aug.2016, which claims the benefit of European Application Serial No.15182289.7, filed on 25 Aug. 2015. These applications are herebyincorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a wearable device for obtaining signalsfrom a subject for use in the monitoring of pulse-related information ofthe subject. Further, the present invention relates to a system formonitoring of pulse-related information of a subject.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Vital signs of a person, for example the heart rate (HR), therespiration rate (RR) or the arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2),serve as indicators of the current health state of a person and aspowerful predictors of serious medical events. For this reason, vitalsigns are extensively monitored in inpatient and outpatient caresettings, at home or in further health, leisure and fitness settings.

One way of measuring vital signs is plethysmography. Plethysmographygenerally refers to the measurement of volume changes of an organ or abody part and in particular to the detection of volume changes due to acardio-vascular pulse wave traveling through the body of a subject withevery heartbeat.

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is an optical measurement technique thatevaluates a time-variant change of light reflectance or transmission ofan area or volume of interest. PPG is based on the principle that bloodabsorbs light more than surrounding tissue, so variations in bloodvolume with every heart beat affect transmission or reflectancecorrespondingly. Besides information about the heart rate, a PPGwaveform can comprise information attributable to further physiologicalphenomena such as the respiration. By evaluating the transmittanceand/or reflectivity at different wavelengths (typically red andinfrared), the blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) can be determined.Different kinds of such contact sensor are commonly known and used,including contact finger pulse oximeters, contact forehead pulseoximeter sensors, contact pulse sensors, etc.

Recently, non-contact, remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) devices (alsocalled camera PPG devices) for unobtrusive measurements have beendescribed in many publications, e.g. in Verkruysse et al., “Remoteplethysmographic imaging using ambient light”, Optics Express, 16(26),22 Dec. 2008, pp. 21434-21445, which demonstrates thatphotoplethysmographic signals can be measured remotely using ambientlight and a conventional consumer level video camera, using red, greenand blue color channels.

Remote PPG utilizes light sources or, in general radiation sources,disposed remotely from the subject of interest. Similarly, also adetector, e.g., a camera or a photo detector, can be disposed remotelyfrom the subject of interest, i.e. without contact to the subject.Therefore, remote photoplethysmographic systems and devices areconsidered unobtrusive and well suited for medical as well asnon-medical everyday applications. This technology particularly hasdistinct advantages for patients with extreme skin sensitivity requiringvital signs monitoring such as Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)patients with extremely fragile skin or premature babies.

Current methods for evaluation of blood pressure changes are based onmeasurement of pulse transit time (PTT) or pulse arrival time (PAT). Thefirst approach estimates the transit time between one signal carryingthe arterial pulse wave (pulse wave signal) and another signal such asthe electrocardiogram (ECG). The time interval between the ECG fiducialpoint (typically the R peak) and a fiducial point marking the pulsearrival is referred to as the PAT. The PTT is the time differencebetween the aortic valve opening and the pulse wave arrival. The secondapproach estimates the BP from the PTT between two pulse wave signalsmeasured at different parts of the body.

These methods require placement of contact PPG (and/or ECG) sensors attwo body locations, at least, preferably at large distance from eachother. This might require significant time investment and efforts toestimate changes of blood pressure based on PTT. Moreover, in order tofollow the trend of changes of blood pressure over long periods of time(e.g. days), the location for placement of contact sensors, as well asposition of a body should be the same for every measurement.Furthermore, the two sensors needs to be synchronized to millisecondlevel in order to provide accurate PTT measurement. Finally, contactsensors are sensitive to motion of a person, and are sensitive tocorrect placement.

Those disadvantages of current methods of PTT measurement limit the useof such approach beyond professional healthcare environment (e.g. athome, on the go, etc.). Therefore, there is a need for a system, whichcan remove disadvantages of current systems for PTT-based measurement ofpulse-related information such as e.g. blood pressure changes, pulsetransit time and/or pulse arrival time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a wearable devicefor obtaining signals from a subject for use in the monitoring ofpulse-related information of the subject, which provides forunobtrusive, reproducible, easy to use, and simple measurements,preferably using existing type of devices that are used in everydaylife. Further, it is another object of the present invention to providea corresponding system for monitoring of pulse-related information of asubject.

In a first aspect of the present invention a wearable device forobtaining signals from a subject for use in the monitoring of pulsetransit time and/or pulse arrival time is presented. The wearable deviceincludes

-   -   a device body,    -   a PPG signal sensing unit for acquiring a first        photoplethysmography, PPG, signal from a first body location of        the subject's body, wherein the first PPG signal sensing unit is        in contact with the first location, and    -   an imaging unit for acquiring a sequence of images from a second        body location of the subject's body different from the first        body location, said sequence of images being configured for        deriving a second PPG signal for the second body location of the        subject's body,        wherein said PPG signal sensing unit and said imaging unit are        mounted in or at the device body and are configured to        simultaneously acquire the first PPG signal and the sequence of        images, a processing unit for deriving the second PPG signal        from said sequence of images, wherein the processing unit is        configured to determine the pulse transit time and/or pulse        arrival time based on the first PPG signal and the second PPG        signal.

In a further aspect of the present invention a system for monitoring ofpulse transit time and/or pulse arrival time is presented, the systemcomprising

-   -   a wearable device comprising

a PPG signal sensing unit for acquiring a first photoplethysmography,(PPG), signal from a first body location of the subject's body, whereinthe first PPG signal sensing unit is in contact with the first location;

an imaging unit for acquiring a sequence of images from a second bodylocation of the subject's body different from the first body location,said sequence of images being configured for deriving a second PPGsignal for the second body location of the subject's body; and

an output unit for outputting said first PPG signal and said sequence ofimages, wherein the said outputted first PPG signal and sequence ofimages are sent to another entity for processing via a communicationnetwork,

-   -   wherein the another entity comprising: an input unit for        obtaining the first PPG signal and the sequence of images        acquired by the wearable device via the communications network,        and    -   a processor for deriving a second PPG signal from said sequence        of images and for determining the pulse transit time and/or        pulse arrival time from said first and second PPG signals.

Preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependentclaims. It shall be understood that the claimed system has similarand/or identical preferred embodiments as the claimed device and asdefined in the dependent claims.

The present invention is based on the idea to make use of the benefitsof remote and reflective PPG approaches to design a new PPG sensorarrangement combining two separate sensors enabling simultaneouslyobtaining two PPG signals from different portions of the user's body ina simple, unobtrusive, reproducible, easy to use manner. The proposedwearable device thus comprises two separate sensor units, wherein atleast one of the sensor units is an imaging unit, such as a 2D camera or2D image sensor. The two sensor units are e.g. placed at different sidesof a device to obtain separate sensor signals (PPG signals) fromdifferent body locations. In this way pulse-related information of thesubject can be obtained particularly including one or more of pulsetransit time, pulse arrival time, pulse wave velocity, hemodynamicinformation and/or blood pressure changes of the subject.

Contrary to known systems using several contact PPG sensors placed onbody parts (e.g. legs, arms, forehead), synchronized with each otheror/and with ECG, all the information used according to the presentinvention comes from one single wearable device. The present inventionprovides a reliable and efficient device and system that can providepulse-related information automatically, continuously and in anon-obtrusive way. It enables a continuous measurement of transit timeof a pressure pulse when travelling through the body. Further, pulsetransit time (PTT) can be determined and pulse wave velocity (PWV)values can be calculated, e.g. in the following way:

PWV=D/PTT,

where D is the distance difference between the travelling distances fromthe heart to the points of measurement (i.e. the points of measurementof the first PPG signal and the sequence of images, in particular theparticular region within the images, from which the second PPG signal isderived). For instance, if the PAT of face and hand are measured, thedistance D corresponds to the distance difference between “travellingdistance from heart to face” and “travelling distance from heart tohand”. The pulse transit time is generally defined as:

PTT=PATd−PATp,

where PATp is the pulse arrival time (PAT) of the pressure pulse at thepoint closer to the heart and PATd is the arrival time of the pressurepulse at extremity. Using signals from various body sites, e.g. from theforehead and hand, allows to detect PTT measurements, which are notaffected by the pre-ejection period (PEP). More precisely, inmathematical terms, taking the difference of at least two measured PATcancels the PEP contribution and only the PTT difference remains.Alternatively, calculation of the PTT can be done in the frequencydomain.

Further, according to the present invention PAT measures can be obtainedand hemodynamic information about the hemodynamic status of the subjectcan be derived from said one or more PAT measures. Non-limiting examplesof such PAT measures are the PAT foot, PAT 20%, PAT 50%, PAT 80%, thePAT top, the PTT and/or the PEP. From a combination of the acquiredsignals such PAT measures can be easily obtained and monitored to detectchanges of the hemodynamic status of the subject.

Further, changes of blood pressure can be monitored based on analysis ofchanges of PTT and PAT values. The calculation itself is generallyknown, e.g. from WO 2013/171599 A1, WO 2010/020914 A1 or WO 2009/136341A2. Generally, the pulse arrival time (PAT) is the sum of thepre-ejection period (PEP), determined by a measure of the aortic closureand pulse transit time (PTT), as e.g. described in X. Aubert, J.Muehlsteff, “Non-Invasive Cuff-less Measurements of the Arterial BloodPressure: What does Pulse-Transit-Time tell us all about?”, Proc.ESGCO'06, Jena, Germany, May 2006 and J. Muehlsteff, X. Aubert, M.Schuett, “Cuff-less Estimation of Systolic Blood Pressure for ShortEffort Bicycle Tests: The Prominent Role of the Pre-Ejection Period”,EMBC'06, New York, 2006.

A definition how to obtain the blood pressure can e.g. be found in B MMcCarthy, B O'Flynn and A Mathewson “An Investigation of Pulse TransitTime as a Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement Method”, J. Phys.:Conf. Ser. 307 012060 as follows: Blood pressure can be related to PTTdirectly by

$P_{e} = {P_{b} - {\frac{2}{\gamma \; {PTT}_{b}}\Delta \; {PTT}}}$

where P_(b) is the base blood pressure level, PTT_(b) is the value ofPTT corresponding to the pressure P_(b), while ΔPTT is the change in thePTT and γ is a coefficient ranging from 0.016 to 0.018 (mmHg⁻¹).

The proposed device may e.g. be wrist worn device, such as a watch, atwhich the two sensor units are placed in a way to provide a view on twodifferent body parts, such as for instance face and wrist of a person.Therefore, a practical embodiment of such device may be a watch placedon a wrist of a subject with a 2D optical sensor on top of the watch andanother optical sensor on the bottom. In this embodiment, estimation ofPTT is achieved by measuring PPG signals from a face of a person andfrom the wrist, followed by an analysis of the time delay between peaksof the detected pulse signals to extract PTT (or PAT).

Another practical embodiment of such device may be a head-mounted device(such as Google Glass) worn by a subject on his/her head. The device mayhave two optical sensors, one looking forward (outward), and another onelooking backward (inward). The forward-looking sensor may preferably bea 2D camera sensor to remotely measure PPG signals at a body part suchas a hand. The backward-looking sensor is looking at a skin area in faceor is attached to a skin area in face, i.e. can be either a 2D camerasensor or a single spot photo-sensor. In this way, PTT may be estimatedby measuring PPG signals at two different body parts. Similar to aboveembodiment, an analysis of the time delay between peaks of the detectedpulse signals provides PTT and/or PAT.

Further pulse-related signals can be derived from the PPG signals andthe extracted PTT in both embodiments.

In an embodiment the device further comprises an output unit foroutputting said first PPG signal and said sequence of images forprocessing by another entity. The other entity may e.g. be a computer,tablet, smartphone, central server (e.g. of a hospital), or generallyany device of e.g. the user, a caregiver or a physician.

In another embodiment the device further comprises a processing unit forderiving a second PPG signal from said sequence of images and fordetermining pulse-related information from said first and second PPGsignals.

There are various options for implementing the PPG signal sensing unit.In one embodiment said PPG signal sensing unit comprises an opticalsensing unit, in particular a contact sensor. In another embodiment saidPPG signal sensing unit comprises another imaging unit. It depends onthe particular application, costs, use etc. how the PPG signal sensingunit may preferably be implemented.

The distance difference between the travelling distances from the heartto said first and second body locations, respectively, may generally beknown or estimated, e.g. based on the information at which position ofthe device body the PPG signal sensing unit and the imaging unit arearranged and which direction they are oriented, which allows anestimation from which body location the respective signal will beobtained. In another embodiment the device may further comprise adistance unit for obtaining the distance between said first and secondbody locations and/or the distances between the first body location andthe second body location, respectively, and the heart, wherein saidprocessing unit is configured to use the obtained distance(s) indetermining the pulse-related information. For instance, from saiddistances the distance difference between the travelling distances fromthe heart to said first and second body locations can be determined,which is then used in determining the pulse-related information.Alternatively, the distance unit may be configured to directly obtainthe different distances between the respective body location and theheart, from which the distance difference can then be obtained. The useof such a distance unit increases the accuracy of the determination ofthe distance, which leads to more accurate results of the determinedpulse-related information.

Said distance unit may thus be configured to obtain the distance throughmeasurement, in particular from an image or the sequence of imagesacquired by the imaging unit, or through input from e.g. the user.Hence, image processing may be used to recognize the body portions and,there from, to determine the distance between them and/or the distanceof the respective body portion to the heart, or the distances and/or thedistance difference may directly be estimated within one or more imagesof the sequence of images.

In a preferred embodiment the device further comprises an illuminationunit mounted in or at the device body for illuminating said first and/orsecond body location. The illumination unit may be a source ofmulti-wavelength dedicated illumination. It may e.g. be attached to askin area or placed close to a skin area; it may e.g. be arranged nextto the PPG signal sensing unit and/or the imaging unit to illuminate therespective body portion from which the respective signal is acquired.

The device may further comprise an image recognition unit for detectingwhen said second body part is shown in the images of the acquiredsequence of images and a control unit for controlling the PPG signalsensing unit to start acquiring the first PPG signal if it is detectedthat the second body part is shown in an image. Hence, according to thisembodiment, the device can start measurement when the skin area of theother body part (such as face, hand, wrist, elbow, leg) appears in thefield of view of the imaging unit and can stop measurements when no skinarea appears any more in the field of view. This particularly savesbattery power and processing power.

The device may further comprise mounting equipment for mounting thedevice body at the subject's body. This may e.g. include a strap,wristband, headband, body band, etc., i.e. any kind of equipment, bywhich the device can be held at the subject's body.

As already mentioned briefly, said wearable device may be a wrist worndevice, in particular a watch or heart rate monitor, glasses, camera,multimedia player, mobile phone or smart phone. Generally, any device,which allows mounting of the two sensing units such that they cansimultaneously acquire separate PPG signals from different bodylocations, can be used.

In yet another embodiment there may be made use of a wrist worn devicehaving a built in PPG sensor, which communicates with the other sensorsin any of the above mentioned embodiment. Hereby, using the timedifference between both sensors will lead to the PTT.

In a practical implementation said wearable device is a wrist worndevice, wherein said PPG signal sensing unit is arranged at the bottomof the device body and the imaging unit is arranged at the front or aside surface of the device body.

In a practical implementation said PPG signal sensing unit is mounted ata first position in or at the device body facing said first bodylocation when the wearable device is worn by the subject and saidimaging unit is mounted at a second position in or at the device bodyfacing said second body location when the wearable device is worn by thesubject.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from andelucidated with reference to the embodiment(s) described hereinafter. Inthe following drawings

FIG. 1 schematically shows a first embodiment of a system and deviceaccording to the present invention,

FIG. 2 shows an electrocardiogram and a photoplethysmogram for measuringa pulse arrival time according to the state of the art;

FIG. 3 shows an electrocardiogram and two PPG signals obtained atdifferent locations for illustrating the determination of PTT and PWV;

FIGS. 4A and 4B show a second embodiment of a device according to thepresent invention in the form of a wrist worn device,

FIGS. 5A and 5B show a third embodiment of a device according to thepresent invention in the form of glasses,

FIG. 6 shows a fourth embodiment of a device according to the presentinvention in the form of a smartphone, and

FIG. 7 schematically shows a fifth embodiment of a device according tothe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 schematically shows a first embodiment of a system 1 and a device2 according to the present invention. The system 1 for monitoring ofpulse transit time, pulse arrival time and/or blood pressure of asubject comprises a wearable device 2 for obtaining signals from asubject for use in the monitoring of pulse-related information, such aspulse transit time, pulse arrival time, blood pressure, pulse wavevelocity and/or hemodynamic status of the subject. Detailed practicalembodiments of such a wearable device will be explained in more detailbelow. The system 1 further comprises an input unit 3, e.g. a (wirelessor wired) data interface, for obtaining (i.e. receiving or retrieving) afirst PPG signal 10 and a sequence of images 11 acquired by the wearabledevice 2 and a processor 4 for deriving a second PPG signal from saidsequence of images 11 and for determining, as output signal 12, thedesired pulse-related information from said first and second PPGsignals.

In one embodiment the elements of the system 1 are integrated into acommon device together with the wearable device 2, e.g. the input unit 3and the processor 4 may be integrated into the wearable device 2. Inanother embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, the input unit 3 and theprocessor 4 may be arranged separate from the wearable device 2, e.g. ina computer 5 or workstation, to which the data acquired by the wearabledevice 2 are transmitted (e.g. via a network, such as Bluetooth, Wifi ora communications network).

The wearable device 2 comprises a device body 20, a PPG signal sensingunit 21 for acquiring the first PPG signal 10 from a first body locationof the subject's body and an imaging unit 22, e.g. a camera, foracquiring the sequence of images 11 from a second body location of thesubject's body different from the first body location. Hereby, saidsequence of images is configured for deriving the second PPG signal forthe second body location of the subject's body. The PPG signal sensingunit 21 and the imaging unit 22 are mounted in or at the device body 20and are configured to simultaneously acquire the first PPG signal 10 andthe sequence of images 11.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 the wearable device 2 comprises anoutput unit 23 for outputting said first PPG signal 10 and said sequenceof images 11 for processing by another entity, such as the computer 5, awireless communication device/a mobile communication device, a remoteserver(s), etc. The computer 5 may be arranged at a separate location,e.g. at a caregiver, doctor or hospital, to which the data aretransmitted, e.g. via a communications network or the internet 30. Theprocessor may also be located in the cloud and may return the result ofthe calculation back to the wearable device 2 for presenting the resultto the user or another person.

Generally, said PPG signal sensing unit 21 may be any kind of sensingunit that is able to acquire a PPG signal from the subject's body. ThePPG sensing unit comprises an optical sensing unit, in particular acontact sensor (e.g. a pulse oximeter as conventionally used in a fingerclip sensor or in a wristband). In another embodiment the PPG sensingunit comprises another imaging unit, e.g. another camera.

FIG. 2 shows, for illustration purposes, an electrocardiogram and aphotoplethysmogram for evaluating the pulse arrival time according tothe state of the art. The electrocardiogram and the photoplethysmogramare detected at different positions on the human body in order tomeasure the pulse transit time and to detect trends in the bloodpressure from the pulse arrival time.

The pulse arrival time is usually determined as a time frame from amaximum peak R of the electrocardiogram to a certain point in time ofthe photoplethysmogram. The pulse arrival time may be detected as a timeframe from the maximum R of the electrocardiogram to a minimum value Fof the photoplethysmogram as a foot pulse arrival time PAT_(foot) or toa maximum value T of the photoplethysmogram as a top pulse arrival timePAT_(top) or as a time to the maximum slope of the photoplethysmogrambetween the maximum and the minimum value of the photoplethysmogram.

FIG. 3 shows a diagram of an ECG (as a reference) and two PPG signals,as used according to the present invention, obtained at different bodylocations, e.g. at the face (PPG_(face)) and the hand (PPG_(hand)) of asubject. Therein the pulse transit time at the face (PTT_(face)) and atthe hand (PTT_(hand)) are indicated as well as their differencePTT_(diff). The pulse wave velocity PWV is obtained by calculatingPWV=D/PTT_(diff), where D is the distance difference between thetravelling distances from the heart to the face and the hand, i.e. thepositions where the PPG signals were obtained from.

FIGS. 4A ad 4B show a second embodiment of a device 2 a according to thepresent invention in the form of a wrist worn device. FIG. 4A shows across-sectional side view, FIG. 4B shows the device 2 a mounted to thewrist of the subject. In this embodiment the device 2 a is wearable onthe wrist and may e.g. be a separate device or integrated into a knowndevice, such as a wrist worn watch, smartphone, multimedia player, heartrate monitor, etc. The device 2 a comprises, in this exemplaryembodiment, two embedded optical sensors arranged on different sides ofthe device 2 a to measure PPG signals of a subject from two differentparts of the body.

On a front side 24 of the housing 20 of the device 2 a a camera 22 a(representing the imaging unit), in particular a 2D camera sensor, isarranged, and on a rear side 25 (facing the skin of the subject, whenworn by the subject using the wrist band 26) of the housing 20 a singlespot photo-sensor 21 a (or, alternatively, 2D camera sensor,representing the PPG signal sensing unit) is arranged. In the currentembodiment, the single spot photo-sensor 21 a is arranged to contact theskin of the wrist of the subject. A 2D camera sensor can be eithermonochrome (a single wavelength) sensor, or multi wavelength sensor(e.g. an RGB). The single spot photo-sensor 21 preferably includes, likeknown pulse oximeters, a dedicated light source 211, preferably in thevisible (preferably red) or near infrared spectrum, and a photo detector212.

In this embodiment the device 2 a further integrates a processing unit27 for deriving a second PPG signal from said sequence of images and fordetermining the pulse-related information from said first and second PPGsignals. As explained earlier, the pulse related information is one ofpulse transit time, pulse arrival time, pulse wave velocity, hemodynamicinformation, blood pressure changes, and combination thereof. Thisprocessing unit 27 thus commonly represents the input unit 3 (e.g. adata interface for obtaining the measured data from the sensor 21 a andthe camera 22 a) and the processor 4 for determining the desiredpulse-related information of the device 1 shown in FIG. 1. Further, auser interface 28, e.g. a display, is provided for outputting thedetermined pulse-related information and/or other information derivedtherefrom (e.g. an indication of the change of blood pressure, awarning, an recommendation, a health status information, etc.). Hence,all elements of the system are commonly integrated into the device 2 a.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show a third embodiment of a device 2 b according to thepresent invention in the form of glasses. FIG. 5A shows a perspectiveview of the glasses 2 b, FIG. 5B shows the glasses 2 b worn by thesubject. In this embodiment, a first camera 21 b (representing the PPGsignal sensing unit) is mounted on the rear side of the frame 27 and asecond camera 22 b (representing the imaging unit) is mounted on thefront side of the frame 27. Both cameras 21 b, 22 b may be 2D camerasensors for obtaining a sequence of image frames over time, from whichrespective PPG signals can be derived. As shown in FIG. 5B the firstcamera 21 b faces the face of the user (e.g. the temple, as indicated by31) and the second camera faces away from the user and can be used toacquire the sequence of images e.g. from the hand or arm (as indicatedby 32) of the user of the glasses 2 b, who directs his head and/or thearm in a corresponding position. In the current embodiment, when theglasses 2 b is worn by the subject, the first camera 21 b contacts theskin of the subject in order to acquire the PPG signal.

The other elements of the system may also be integrated into the glasses2 b, similar as explained above with respect to the wrist worn device 2a. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5A, the glasses may include an outputunit 23 b, e.g. a transmitter (e.g. a Wifi or Bluetooth transmitter) fortransmitting the respective data to an external entity, e.g. a computerfor processing and outputting results.

FIG. 6 shows a fourth embodiment of device 2 c according to the presentinvention in the form of a smartphone. In this embodiment the front sidecamera 21 c is used as a PPG signal sensing unit and rear side camera 22c is used as an imaging unit (or vice versa). The smartphone 2 c is usedby holding one of the cameras directly in front of or in contact withskin, e.g. of the arm and orienting it such that the other camera facesa different body part, e.g. the face, to obtain different sequences ofimages from the two cameras 21 c, 22 c, which can be processed,preferably using the processor of the smartphone, to derive two PPGsignals and the desired pulse-related information. Hence, preferably,all elements of the system, i.e. the processing unit 27 and the userinterface 28, are commonly integrated into the smartphone 2 c.

FIG. 7 schematically shows a fifth embodiment of a device 2 d accordingto the present invention. In addition to the elements of the device 2shown in FIG. 1, the device 2 d further comprises one or more additionalelements.

One additional element may be a distance unit 29 for obtaining thedistance between said first and second body locations and/or thedistance between each of said body locations and the heart to obtain thedesired distance difference. In this case the processing unit 27 of thedevice 2 b (or the processor 4 of the external entity 5 in anotherembodiment) is configured to use the obtained distance difference indetermining the pulse-related information. The distance unit 29 may e.g.be configured to obtain the distance(s) through measurement, inparticular from an image of the sequence of images acquired by theimaging unit, or through input (e.g. by the user or another person, whomeasured the distance(s) in advance).

In this way the estimation of blood pressure changes can be furtherimproved by taking into account the distance difference between thedifferent ROIs (regions of interest, i.e. location from which the PPGsignal are obtained) and the heart, such as the distance differencebetween the face and the wrist of a person with respect to the heart.The distance and/or the distance difference can either be estimatedautomatically, or set manually, or extracted from the knownphysiological data of a subject.

Another additional element may be an illumination unit 40 mounted in orat the device body 20 for illuminating said first and/or second bodylocations. This further improves the acquisition of PPG signals and thequality and robustness of the determined pulse-related information.

Still further additional elements may be an image recognition unit 41for detecting when said second body part is shown in the images of theacquired sequence of images and a control unit 42 for controlling thePPG signal sensing unit 21 to start acquiring the first PPG signal if itis detected that the second body part is shown in an image. In thisembodiment, device 2 d starts measurement of two PPG signals fromdifferent body locations after a person, in particular a desired bodylocation to be used for PPG signal acquisition, such as a face of aperson, is detected by the imaging unit 22.

Preferably, according to the present invention optical sensors are usedfor both the PPG signal sensing unit 21 and the imaging unit 22, e.g.arranged on opposite sides of the device 2 and working at the samewavelength. However, in other embodiments the PPG signal sensing unit 21is not an optical PPG sensor, but any other sensor to measure a PPGsignal, such as a capacitive sensor or a pressure sensor.

In yet another embodiment, the measurements of PPG signals are performedonly if no motion of the respective body parts, e.g. the face and/orwrist, is detected for a certain amount of time, which may be detectedby an evaluation of the images obtained by the imaging unit 22.

A further improvement may be obtained by use of a calibrationmeasurement with a conventional blood pressure measurement device, whichmay be used to calibrate the proposed wearable device, in particularblood pressure information obtained with the proposed wearable device.By use of such a calibration it may be possible to derive blood pressureinformation from the measurements made by the wearable device evenwithout knowing the distance information about the distances between thedifferent body locations or the distance difference discussed above.

This may be refined even further by making use of pattern recognitionfor recognizing various parts of the body (e.g. the face and/or hand).Individual calibration factors, obtained in advance for the respectivebody part, may then be applied in the real measurements and calculationsby use of the wearable device.

While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in thedrawings and foregoing description, such illustration and descriptionare to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; theinvention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Other variationsto the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by thoseskilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study ofthe drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims.

In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements orsteps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude aplurality. A single element or other unit may fulfill the functions ofseveral items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measuresare recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicatethat a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

A computer program may be stored/distributed on a suitablenon-transitory medium, such as an optical storage medium or asolid-state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware,but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet orother wired or wireless telecommunication systems.

Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limitingthe scope.

1. Wearable device for obtaining signals from a subject for use in themonitoring of pulse transit time and/or pulse arrival time, said devicecomprising: a device body (20), a PPG signal sensing unit (21) foracquiring a first photoplethysmography, (PPG), signal from a first bodylocation of the subject's body, wherein the first PPG signal sensingunit is in contact with the first location, and an imaging unit (22) foracquiring a sequence of images from a second body location of thesubject's body different from the first body location, said sequence ofimages being configured for deriving a second PPG signal for the secondbody location of the subject's body, wherein said PPG signal sensingunit and said imaging unit are mounted in or at the device body and areconfigured to simultaneously acquire the first PPG signal and thesequence of images, and a processing unit (27) for deriving the secondPPG signal from said sequence of images, wherein the processing unit(27) is configured to determine the pulse transit time and/or pulsearrival time based on the first PPG signal and the second PPG signal. 2.Wearable device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processing unitdetermines the pulse transit time and/or pulse arrival time based ontime delay between the peaks of the first PPG signal and the second PPGsignal.
 3. Wearable device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said PPGsignal sensing unit comprises an optical sensing unit (21 a), inparticular a contact sensor.
 4. Wearable device as claimed in claim 1,wherein said PPG signal sensing unit comprises another imaging unit (21b, 21 c).
 5. Wearable device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising adistance unit (29) for obtaining the distance between said first andsecond body locations and/or the distances between the first bodylocation and the second body location, respectively, and the heart,wherein said processing unit (27) is configured to use the obtaineddistance or distances in determining the pulse-related information. 6.Wearable device as claimed in claim 5, wherein said distance unit (29)is configured to obtain the distance or distances through measurement,in particular from an image of the sequence of images acquired by theimaging unit, or through input.
 7. Wearable device as claimed in claim1, further comprising an illumination unit (40) mounted in or at thedevice body for illuminating said first and/or second body location. 8.Wearable device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an imagerecognition unit (41) for detecting when said second body part is shownin the images of the acquired sequence of images and a control unit (42)for controlling the PPG signal sensing unit to start acquiring the firstPPG signal if it is detected that the second body part is shown in animage.
 9. Wearable device as claimed in claim 1, further comprisingmounting equipment (26) for mounting the device body at the subject'sbody.
 10. Wearable device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said wearabledevice is a wrist worn device, in particular a watch or heart ratemonitor, glasses, camera, multimedia player, mobile phone or smartphone.
 11. Wearable device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said wearabledevice is a wrist worn device (2 a), wherein said PPG signal sensingunit is arranged at the bottom of the device body and the imaging unitis arranged at the front or a side surface of the device body. 12.Wearable device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said PPG signal sensingunit (21) is mounted at a first position in or at the device body facingsaid first body location when the wearable device is worn by the subjectand wherein said imaging unit (22) is mounted at a second position in orat the device body facing said second body location when the wearabledevice is worn by the subject.
 13. Wearable device as claimed in claim1, wherein said processing unit (27) is further configured to determinepulse wave velocity, hemodynamic information and/or blood pressurechanges of the subject.
 14. System (1) for monitoring of pulse transittime and/or pulse arrival time, said system comprising: a wearabledevice (2, 2 b, 2 c, 2 d) comprising: a PPG signal sensing unit (21) foracquiring a first photoplethysmography, (PPG), signal from a first bodylocation of the subject's body, wherein the first PPG signal sensingunit is in contact with the first location; an imaging unit (22) foracquiring a sequence of images from a second body location of thesubject's body different from the first body location, said sequence ofimages being configured for deriving a second PPG signal for the secondbody location of the subject's body; and an output unit (23) foroutputting said first PPG signal and said sequence of images, whereinthe said outputted first PPG signal and sequence of images are sent toanother entity (5) for processing via a communication network (30),wherein the another entity (5) comprising: an input unit (3) forobtaining the first PPG signal and the sequence of images acquired bythe wearable device via the communication network, and a processor (4)for deriving a second PPG signal from said sequence of images and fordetermining the pulse transit time and/or the pulse arrival time fromsaid first and second PPG signals.
 15. The system according to claim 14,wherein the another entity (5) is at least one of a remote server, awireless communication device, and a computer.